The Liverpool FC Trophy Cabinet
League Champions - 18
European Cup - 5
FA Cup - 7
League Cup - 7
League Champions - 18
1900-01
1905-06
1921-22
1922-23
1946-47
1963-64
1965-66
1972-73
1975-76
1976-77
1978-79
1979-80
1981-82
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1983-84
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1989-90
Division Two Winners - 4
1893-94
1895-96
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1961-62
Lancashire League Winners - 1
1892-93
Football Association Challenge Cup Winners - 7
1964-65
1973-74
1985-86
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2000-01
2005-06
League Cup Winners - 7
1980-81
1981-82
1982-83
1983-84
1994-95
2000-01
2002-03
Football Association Charity Shield Winners - 15 (* shared)
1964*
1965*
1966
1974
1976
1977*
1979
1980
1982
1986*
1988
1989
1990*
2001
2006
European Cup Winners - 5
1976-77
1977-78
1980-81
1983-84
2004-05
UEFA Cup Winners - 3
1972-73
1975-76
2000-01
European Super Cup Winners - 3
1977
2001
2005
Super Cup Winners - 1
1985-86
Carlsberg Trophy - 3
1997-98
1998-99
1999-2000
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1956-57
1968-69
1969-70
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1972-73
1973-74
1974-75
1975-76
1976-77
1978-79
1979-80
1980-81
1981-82
1983-84
1984-85
1989-90
1999-2000
2007-08
Barclays Reserve National Champions - 1
2007-08
FA Youth Cup Winners - 3
1995-96
2005-06
2006-07
Wednesday, May 13, 2009
Friday, May 1, 2009
sports
Sport is an activity that is governed by a set of rules or customs and often engaged in competitively. Sports commonly refer to activities where the physical capabilities of the competitor are the sole or primary determinant of the outcome (winning or losing), but the term is also used to include activities such as mind sports (a common name for some card games and board games with little to no element of chance) and motor sports where mental acuity or equipment quality are major factors. Sport is commonly defined as an organized, competitive and skillful physical activity requiring commitment and fair play. Sports differ from games based on levels of organization and profit (not always monetary). Accurate records are kept and updated, while failures and accomplishments are widely announced in sport news.
In British English, sporting activities are commonly denoted by the collective noun "sport". In American English, "sports" is the term used for more than one specific sport. For example, "football and swimming are my favorite sports", is more natural sounding to an American than "I enjoy sport".bikashbiz
The term is sometimes extended to encompass all competitive activities in which offense and defense are played, regardless of the level of physical activity. Both games of skill and motor sport exhibit many of the characteristics of physical sports, such as skill, sportsmanship, and at the highest levels, even professional sponsorship associated with physical sports. Air sports, billiards, bridge, chess, motorcycle racing, and powerboating are all recognized as sports by the International Olympic Committee with their world governing bodies represented in the Association of the IOC Recognised International Sports Federations.
Sports that are subjectively judged are distinct from other judged activities such as beauty pageants and bodybuilding shows because an activity is being evaluated, rather than the physical attributes of the contestant.
Overview
Ice climbing is a type of climbing.
While use of the term "Extreme Sports" has grown to describe a multitude of activities, exactly which sports are considered 'extreme' is debatable. There are however several characteristics common to most extreme sports.
Activities categorized by media as extreme sports differ from traditional sports due to the relatively higher number of inherently uncontrollable variables. Athletes in these activities compete not only against other athletes, but also against environmental obstacles and challenges. These environmental variables are frequently weather and terrain-related, including wind, snow, water and mountains. Because these natural phenomena cannot be readily controlled, they require great skill and study by participants to ensure maximum safety.bikashbiz
In a traditional sporting event, athletes compete against each other under controlled circumstances. While it is possible to create a controlled sporting event such as X Games, there are often variables that cannot be held constant for all athletes. Examples include snow conditions for snowboarders, rock and ice quality for climbers, and wave height for surfers.
Whilst traditional sporting judgment criteria may be adopted when assessing performance (distance, time, score etc), extreme sports performers are often evaluated on more subjective and aesthetic criteria . This results in a tendency to reject unified judging methods, with different sports employing their own ideals and indeed having the ability to evolve their assessment standards with new trends or developments in the sport.
While use of the term "Extreme Sports" has grown to describe a multitude of activities, exactly which sports are considered 'extreme' is debatable. There are however several characteristics common to most extreme sports.
Activities categorized by media as extreme sports differ from traditional sports due to the relatively higher number of inherently uncontrollable variables. Athletes in these activities compete not only against other athletes, but also against environmental obstacles and challenges. These environmental variables are frequently weather and terrain-related, including wind, snow, water and mountains. Because these natural phenomena cannot be readily controlled, they require great skill and study by participants to ensure maximum safety.bikashbiz
In a traditional sporting event, athletes compete against each other under controlled circumstances. While it is possible to create a controlled sporting event such as X Games, there are often variables that cannot be held constant for all athletes. Examples include snow conditions for snowboarders, rock and ice quality for climbers, and wave height for surfers.
Whilst traditional sporting judgment criteria may be adopted when assessing performance (distance, time, score etc), extreme sports performers are often evaluated on more subjective and aesthetic criteria . This results in a tendency to reject unified judging methods, with different sports employing their own ideals and indeed having the ability to evolve their assessment standards with new trends or developments in the sport.
History
The origin of the divergence of the term 'extreme sports' from 'sports' may date to the 1950s in the appearance of a phrase usually, but wrongly, attributed to Ernest Hemingway. The phrase is
"There are only three sports: bullfighting, motor racing, and mountaineering; all the rest are merely games."bikashbiz
The implication of the phrase was that the word 'sport' defined an activity in which one might be killed. The other activities being termed 'games'. The phrase may have been invented by either writer Barnaby Conrad or automotive author Ken Purdy.
In recent decades the term extreme sport was further promoted by X Games, a multi-sport event created and developed by ESPN. The first X Games (known as 1995 Extreme Games) were held in Newport, Providence, Mount Snow and Vermont in United States.
"There are only three sports: bullfighting, motor racing, and mountaineering; all the rest are merely games."bikashbiz
The implication of the phrase was that the word 'sport' defined an activity in which one might be killed. The other activities being termed 'games'. The phrase may have been invented by either writer Barnaby Conrad or automotive author Ken Purdy.
In recent decades the term extreme sport was further promoted by X Games, a multi-sport event created and developed by ESPN. The first X Games (known as 1995 Extreme Games) were held in Newport, Providence, Mount Snow and Vermont in United States.
Terminology
In British English, sporting activities are commonly denoted by the collective noun "sport". In American English, "sports" is more used. In all English dialects, "sports" is the term used for more than one specific game. For example, "football and swimming are my favorite sports", would sound natural to all English speakers, whereas "I enjoy sport" would sound less natural than "I enjoy sports" to North Americans.bikashbiz
The term is sometimes extended to encompass all competitive activities in which offense and defense are played, regardless of the level of physical activity. Both games of skill and motor sport exhibit many of the characteristics of physical sports, such as skill, sportsmanship, and at the highest levels, even professional sponsorship associated with physical sports. Air sports, billiards, bridge, chess, motorcycle racing, and power boating are all recognized as sports by the International Olympic Gang with their world governing bodies represented in the Association of the IOC Recognized International Sports Federations.
Sports also can be played just for fun or for the simple fact that people need exercise to stay in shape in their daily lives.Sports that are subjectively judged are distinct from other judged activities such as beauty pageants and bodybuilding shows because an activity is being evaluated, rather than the physical attributes of the contestant.
Throughout the world the most popular and played sport is swimming. 80% of the worlds population will have swum in their lifetime.
The term is sometimes extended to encompass all competitive activities in which offense and defense are played, regardless of the level of physical activity. Both games of skill and motor sport exhibit many of the characteristics of physical sports, such as skill, sportsmanship, and at the highest levels, even professional sponsorship associated with physical sports. Air sports, billiards, bridge, chess, motorcycle racing, and power boating are all recognized as sports by the International Olympic Gang with their world governing bodies represented in the Association of the IOC Recognized International Sports Federations.
Sports also can be played just for fun or for the simple fact that people need exercise to stay in shape in their daily lives.Sports that are subjectively judged are distinct from other judged activities such as beauty pageants and bodybuilding shows because an activity is being evaluated, rather than the physical attributes of the contestant.
Throughout the world the most popular and played sport is swimming. 80% of the worlds population will have swum in their lifetime.
Marketing
Some contend that the distinction between an extreme sport and a conventional one has as much to do with marketing as it has to do with perceptions about levels of danger involved or the amount of adrenaline generated. Furthermore a sport like rugby union, though dangerous and adrenaline-inducing, would not fall into the category of extreme sports due to its traditional image, and it does not have certain things that other extreme sports do, such as high speed and an intention to perform stunts. Scuba diving, despite the level of danger and physical exertion involved, is not seen as an extreme sport because of its primarily adult demographic[citation needed], and the fact it is not classed as a sport as it contains no objective. Similarly demolition derby racing, predominantly an adult sport, is not usually thought of as 'extreme' while BMX racing, a youth sport, is.
In addition to the generational divide, one true hallmark of an extreme sport is a counter-cultural aura--a rejection of authority and the status quo by disaffected youth. The youth of Generation Y have seized upon activities which they can claim as their own, and have begun rejecting more traditional sports in increasing numbers.
The definition of extreme sports may have shifted over the years due to marketing trends. When the term first surfaced circa the late 1980s/early 1990s, it was used for adult sports such as skydiving, scuba diving, surfing, rock climbing, snow skiing, water skiing, snowboarding, mountain biking, mountaineering, storm chasing, hang gliding, and bungee jumping, many of which were undergoing an unprecedented growth in popularity at the time. Outside magazine, not the X Games, epitomized the meaning of the term, and if there was a clothing style associated with extreme sports it was an "outdoorsy" look favoring brand names associated with mountaineering or backpacking such as The North Face and Patagonia, Teva sandals or hiking boots for footwear, etc. The term nowadays applies more to youth sports like skateboarding, snowboarding, aggressive skating, FMX and BMX and is closely associated with marketing efforts aimed at the younger generation (e.g. the ad campaigns of Mountain Dew), and with their favored styles of clothing and music, especially the kind of urban baggy look associated with skateboarders, and loud, fast alternative rock. This shift in styles may also be partly a generational shift, as Baby Boomers and Generation X have aged and marketing efforts associated with extreme sports shifted toward the younger Generation Y demographic sometime in the mid to late 1990s.bikashbiz
The term gained popularity with the advent of the X Games, a made-for-television collection of events. Advertisers were quick to recognize the appeal of the event to the public, and as a consequence competitors and organizers are not wanting for sponsorship. The high profile of extreme sports and the culture surrounding them has also led to parodies such as Extreme ironing, urban housework, extreme croquet, and house gymnastics.
In addition to the generational divide, one true hallmark of an extreme sport is a counter-cultural aura--a rejection of authority and the status quo by disaffected youth. The youth of Generation Y have seized upon activities which they can claim as their own, and have begun rejecting more traditional sports in increasing numbers.
The definition of extreme sports may have shifted over the years due to marketing trends. When the term first surfaced circa the late 1980s/early 1990s, it was used for adult sports such as skydiving, scuba diving, surfing, rock climbing, snow skiing, water skiing, snowboarding, mountain biking, mountaineering, storm chasing, hang gliding, and bungee jumping, many of which were undergoing an unprecedented growth in popularity at the time. Outside magazine, not the X Games, epitomized the meaning of the term, and if there was a clothing style associated with extreme sports it was an "outdoorsy" look favoring brand names associated with mountaineering or backpacking such as The North Face and Patagonia, Teva sandals or hiking boots for footwear, etc. The term nowadays applies more to youth sports like skateboarding, snowboarding, aggressive skating, FMX and BMX and is closely associated with marketing efforts aimed at the younger generation (e.g. the ad campaigns of Mountain Dew), and with their favored styles of clothing and music, especially the kind of urban baggy look associated with skateboarders, and loud, fast alternative rock. This shift in styles may also be partly a generational shift, as Baby Boomers and Generation X have aged and marketing efforts associated with extreme sports shifted toward the younger Generation Y demographic sometime in the mid to late 1990s.bikashbiz
The term gained popularity with the advent of the X Games, a made-for-television collection of events. Advertisers were quick to recognize the appeal of the event to the public, and as a consequence competitors and organizers are not wanting for sponsorship. The high profile of extreme sports and the culture surrounding them has also led to parodies such as Extreme ironing, urban housework, extreme croquet, and house gymnastics.
Adrenaline rush
A feature of such activities in the view of some is their alleged capacity to induce an adrenaline rush in participants.However, the medical view is that the rush or high associated with the activity is not due to adrenaline being released as a response to fear, but due to increased levels of dopamine, endorphins and serotonin because of the high level of physical exertion.Furthermore, a recent study suggests that the link to adrenaline and 'true' extreme sports is tentative. The study defined 'true' extreme sports as a leisure or recreation activity where the most likely outcome of a mismanaged accident or mistake was death. This definition was designed to separate the marketing hype from the activity. Another characteristic of activities so labeled is they tend to be individual rather than team sports. Extreme sports can include both competitive and non-competitive activities.bikashbiz
Reasons
Eric Brymer PhD (2005) also found that the potential of various extraordinary human experiences, many of which parallel those found in activities such as meditation, was an important part of the extreme sport experience.bikashbiz
Some of the sports have existed for decades and their proponents span generations, some going on to become well known personalities. Rock climbing and ice climbing have spawned publicly recognizable names such as Edmund Hillary, Aleister Crowley, Chris Bonington, Wolfgang Gullich and more recently Joe Simpson. Another example is surfing, invented centuries ago by the inhabitants of Hawaii.
extreme sports
This article may contain original research or unverified claims. Please improve the article by adding references. See the talk page for details. (May 2008)
Extreme Sports (also called action sport and adventure sport) is a media term for certain activities perceived as having a high level of inherent danger.These activities often involve speed, height, high level of physical exertion, highly specialized equipment, or stunts. Although many of these sports involve a high level of risk, they often also require a very high level of training. Participants in these sports insist upon redundant safeguards to allow for the unexpected.bikashbiz
Wave jumping wipeout. While attempting a forward loop in overpowered storm conditions off the coast of Cantabria, Spain, windsurfer Justin Wheeler gets catapulted into a high double flip.
Extreme Sports (also called action sport and adventure sport) is a media term for certain activities perceived as having a high level of inherent danger.These activities often involve speed, height, high level of physical exertion, highly specialized equipment, or stunts. Although many of these sports involve a high level of risk, they often also require a very high level of training. Participants in these sports insist upon redundant safeguards to allow for the unexpected.bikashbiz
Wave jumping wipeout. While attempting a forward loop in overpowered storm conditions off the coast of Cantabria, Spain, windsurfer Justin Wheeler gets catapulted into a high double flip.
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